Spunky, classy, no frills

Girl Names
1

Hey all! First-time poster, long-time reader. After three years of trying to conceive, it has FINALLY happened. :smiley: And she’s a girl. Super excited.

DH says he doesn’t care what her name is as long as it doesn’t contain or lend to the [name]Ell[/name]- nicknames and isn’t extremely common. So, the plan is to present him with a list of favorites and let him decide which stand out unless he decides to chime in.

“Extremely common” leaves a nasty gray area, however. We live in a very hip neighborhood of NYC. Translation: for every [name]Isabella[/name], there is [name]Isla[/name] or [name]Juno[/name]. To me, this means two things: I’m allowed a bit of leeway on the out-of-the-box factor and I should take that tricky “extremely common” condition with a grain of salt. She’s just as likely to be in a class with [name]Ruby[/name] or [name]Alice[/name] as she is with [name]Sophia[/name] in these parts.

As for my taste, I like class (not necessarily classic!) with spunk. Nothing too cutesy or frilly, but I don’t care for unisex, either. Literary connection is a huge plus. At the moment, it’s looking pretty eclectic:

[name]Clara[/name]
[name]Ivy[/name]
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name]
[name]Matilda[/name]
[name]Beatrice[/name]
[name]Penelope[/name]
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name]
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name]
[name]Daisy[/name]
[name]Tess[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name]
[name]Rowena[/name]
[name]Felicity[/name]
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name]
[name]Liv[/name]
[name]Agatha[/name]

Some have sentimental value, but there’s no favorite. So, suggestions? Comments? I’d love to hear what you all have to say. :slight_smile:

[name]Blossom[/name]

2

Congratulations! You have some nice names here. I’ve bolded by favorites.

[name]Clara[/name] - I like this name a lot. [name]Claire[/name] is an option for even less frill.
[name]Ivy[/name] - not my style. I can see the appeal, a pretty plant, nice sounds. I just can’t help thinking of poison ivy.
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name] - like it OK although I prefer [name]Frankie[/name] or [name]Francie[/name].
[name]Matilda[/name] - like it a lot! [name]Tillie[/name] and [name]Tilda[/name] are cute.
[name]Beatrice[/name] - love! [name]Bea[/name] is great. Also like [name]Beatrix[/name] for a little spunk.
[name]Penelope[/name] - like it a lot! Not exactly frilly, but maybe a bit much for his taste? [name]Love[/name] nicknames [name]Poppy[/name] and [name]Nell[/name]/[name]Nellie[/name]/[name]Nella[/name]. Not wild about [name]Penny[/name] although it’s fine. Also, by a stretch she could be [name]Ellie[/name], I can see your husband wondering about that if he’s observant enough about names.
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name] - too tied to the celebrity for me and I suspect for your taste judging by other names here. [name]Winnie[/name] can come from a lot of Welsh names and probably some others if that’s what you want.
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name] - this name has a lot of class and pinache but it’s not my style because I just worry about “[name]Harry[/name]”. I do like it on many levels. I prefer nns [name]Hallie[/name] and [name]Etta[/name].
[name]Daisy[/name] - like it a lot but it’s a little cutesy, again, I think for your taste too given the other names here. I’d go with [name]Margaret[/name] and make [name]Daisy[/name] the name. [name]Margaret[/name] hits a lot of the same notes as [name]Harriet[/name] without the [name]Harry[/name], and there’s so many nickname possibilities!
[name]Tess[/name] - [name]Love[/name]! Also like it as a nickname for [name]Theresa[/name] or [name]Tessa[/name] but it does work well on its own.
[name]Claudia[/name] - like this pretty well! Nns [name]Cleo[/name], [name]Clo[/name]?
[name]Rowena[/name] - Pretty fond of this. [name]Winnie[/name]? [name]Rory[/name]? [name]Ro[/name]?
[name]Felicity[/name] - like this well, but a little tied to the TV show. [name]Verity[/name] and [name]Felice[/name] both seem a little bit less frilly to me.
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name] - like this a lot!
[name]Liv[/name] - love this! It’s a family name for me though so I don’t feel it’s too celebrity. If it’s not a family name for you, I wonder if you’d feel the same way in the end. Also, I worry about everyone guessing it’s a nickname for [name]Olivia[/name].
[name]Agatha[/name] - intriguing. Pretty tied to the author and pretty old lady. But somehow nice. Not wild about [name]Aggie[/name]. [name]Agate[/name]?

You might like
[name]Hazel[/name]
[name]Iris[/name]
[name]Olive[/name] nn [name]Liv[/name]
[name]Vera[/name]
[name]Helen[/name]
[name]Althea[/name]
[name]Aletha[/name]
[name]Agnes[/name]
[name]Inez[/name]
[name]Esther[/name]
[name]Jane[/name]
[name]Anne[/name]/[name]Anna[/name]
[name]Lydia[/name]
[name]June[/name]
[name]Maeve[/name]
[name]Mae[/name]/[name]May[/name]
[name]Lucy[/name]
[name]Ruby[/name]
[name]Pearl[/name] (also a nn for [name]Margaret[/name] by meaning in my book)
[name]Naomi[/name]

Good luck!

3

[name]Clara[/name] - too popular for me.
[name]Ivy[/name] - I like this! I also like [name]Iris[/name], [name]Imogen[/name], [name]Ingrid[/name]
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name] - this is ok (my [name]MIL[/name]'s mn…) it’s on our list.
[name]Matilda[/name] - I [name]LOVE[/name] THIS FOR YOU!!
[name]Beatrice[/name] - Also on our list - my husband’s #1 in fact! I like it alright.
[name]Penelope[/name] - Another on our list. I like nn [name]Nell[/name]/[name]Nellie[/name], my husband likes [name]Penny[/name].
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name] - do not like this. Especially after [name]Winona[/name] [name]Ryder[/name] stole stuff.
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name] - it’s ok.
[name]Daisy[/name] - cute. Maybe not as much for an adult?
[name]Tess[/name] - Another fav for you!
[name]Claudia[/name] - Hmm. Different but approachable. A dark horse. I like it.
[name]Rowena[/name] - Not a fan.
[name]Felicity[/name] - TV show.
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name] - too out there for me.
[name]Liv[/name] - People will think she is another [name]Olivia[/name]
[name]Agatha[/name] - I actually really like this one!!

So my top favs for you are:
[name]Matilda[/name]
[name]Tess[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name]
[name]Agatha[/name]

They seem fresh to me, without being too weird. I know you live in NYC now but she may not always? I think the 4 I listed are universal! The others are too popular [name]IMO[/name].

From PP’s list, I also like:
[name]Hazel[/name], [name]Iris[/name], [name]Agnes[/name], [name]Esther[/name], [name]Maeve[/name], and [name]Pearl[/name] (these are a little more old-fashioned I think - but still classic)

4

Congrats on your long-awaited little girl!

[name]Clara[/name] - I think there are a lot of Claires running around, so I would stay away from this even in NYC.
[name]Ivy[/name] - Nms, but I think you should be okay in NYC with not too many of these running. But what is she goes to school at one of the Ivys?
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name] - again, nms, but totally meets your standard.
[name]Matilda[/name] - This does sound like a NYC kind of name. My concern is its closeness to [name]Madeline[/name], which there are a lot and its variation. Also, would you call her [name]Mattie[/name]? If so, careful with all the Maddies (including Madisons) running around. I’d stay away
[name]Beatrice[/name] - I see this name popping up here a lot. The nameberry taste strikes me as the type you describe for NYC, not totally mainstream, quirky and brave. But this name is pretty classic, so you should be okay. I went to school with a lot of Beatrizes, so it’s just not my style, but if i were to do anyone it would be [name]Beatrix[/name] with nn trixie.
[name]Penelope[/name] - I think this is a NYC type name like [name]Juno[/name]. Nameberries love it too.
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name] - Cute nn. Wish you get there without [name]Winona[/name]. [name]How[/name] about [name]Wynn[/name]? [name]Winter[/name]?
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name] - Cute and I think you should be okay popularity wise, but again might be the [name]Juno[/name] of NYC of your kid’s year.
[name]Daisy[/name] - Cute. like it.
[name]Tess[/name] - I think it meet your criteria.
[name]Claudia[/name] - Nms, but you should be okay popularity wise. A lot of Claudias in my school too.
[name]Rowena[/name] - I think you should be great with this one too.
[name]Felicity[/name] - I love it and you should be okay popularity wise.
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name] - same as rowena.
[name]Liv[/name] - I really like this name, but I would never do it because of all the [name]Olivia[/name]'s being born. I know you say [name]Juno[/name] and [name]Isla[/name] are just as likely as [name]Sophie[/name] and [name]Isabella[/name], but that’s not too say there are no Sophies or Isabellas in NYC. [name]Sophia[/name] and [name]Isabella[/name] are EVERYWHERE, and so will [name]Olivia[/name]. I know many mommies calling their unborn Olivias, Livi or [name]Liv[/name] as a nn already and that’s in the womb.
[name]Agatha[/name] - you’re totally safe here.

I totally know what you mean about NYC hipster type names. I think it makes it tougher for you, because you still have the mainstream names to contend with but you may end up with another [name]Penelope[/name] in her class. There really is no way to guess in a scenario like this. [name]Just[/name] do your best and go with the name you love, not so much popularity of obscure names bc it’s hard to predict that.

Of your list, I really like [name]Felicity[/name] best of all, especially for your criteria. I like [name]Daisy[/name] too, but not sure how much “class” is in that name. I’m not saying it’s classless, but not sure I’d ever describe it as a classy name. It’s a cute and spunky name, but not classy. For your criteria, but it is less my style, I like [name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name] and Phillippa nn [name]Pippa[/name]. I love both these nn but not such the full names. Also, [name]Pippa[/name] will sounds a lot like any [name]Piper[/name] classmates.

The ones that really stick out as popular trouble to me are [name]Liv[/name] bc of the [name]Olivia[/name] nn, as well as [name]Penelope[/name] for the funky-hipster popularity I think it enjoys. Like [name]Liv[/name], I’d stay away from [name]Matilda[/name] if any part of you is hoping to go for nn [name]Mattie[/name].

5

[name]Clara[/name]- [name]Love[/name] [name]Clara[/name], but like pp said there are a lot of little Claires
[name]Ivy[/name]- [name]LOVE[/name] probably my favorite from your list
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name]- Ok, nms but a solid, non-frilly classic
[name]Matilda[/name]- Cute
[name]Beatrice[/name]- nms
[name]Penelope[/name]- Very cute, but also pretty popular with the hipster crowd, though I wouldn’t say it was common, just depends on where you live
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name]- [name]LOVE[/name] the nn [name]Winnie[/name], not so fond of [name]Winona[/name]
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name]- I love the nn [name]Hattie[/name], [name]Harriet[/name] is ok
[name]Daisy[/name]- Cute but a little too cutesy for my taste
[name]Tess[/name]- another nameberry favorite, but it just feels like a nn to me…
[name]Claudia[/name]- [name]LOVE[/name]
[name]Rowena[/name]- ok
[name]Felicity[/name]- ok
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name]- [name]LOVE[/name]
[name]Liv[/name]- not enough substance for me
[name]Agatha[/name]- I would love to meet a little girl named [name]Agatha[/name] :slight_smile:

My favorites from your list…
[name]Ivy[/name]
[name]Philippa[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name]

some more suggestions…
[name]Ramona[/name]
[name]Winifred[/name]
[name]Paulina[/name]
[name]Daphne[/name]
[name]Dinah[/name]
[name]Helen[/name]
[name]Georgia[/name]
[name]Honor[/name]
[name]Patience[/name]
[name]Greta[/name]
[name]Margo[/name]
[name]Portia[/name]
[name]Bianca[/name]
[name]Roxane[/name]

6

My favorite of your choices is [name]Penelope[/name]! I love the nickname [name]Penny[/name]. I also like [name]Frances[/name] and [name]Clara[/name] quite a bit. I would suggest [name]Dorothy[/name], also. It has the literary connection of [name]Dorothy[/name] [name]Parker[/name] and is very sweet, vintage, and ready for a comeback.

7

Wow! Thanks for the thoughtful and prompt replies. :slight_smile:

[name]Winona[/name] is a guilty pleasure. I figured she was out of the question due to Ms. [name]Ryder[/name], but threw her out there anyway just to make sure. Same with [name]Daisy[/name] – I know a very classy, kind, and charitable [name]Daisy[/name], so she colors my opinion of the name.

To get the [name]Winnie[/name] nick, I found [name]Bronwen[/name] and [name]Guinevere[/name]. I’m going to let those sit for a while to ponder. I don’t like [name]Winifred[/name] at all; for some reason, it conjures up an image so stuffy that I just can’t get past it. [name]Winter[/name] may grow on me.

I didn’t even know there was a [name]Felicity[/name] TV show! That certainly weighs on my love of the name. DH also said it reminds him too much of fidelity – looks like [name]Felicity[/name]'s getting the ax at an early date.

[name]Love[/name] the nickname [name]Clio[/name] for [name]Claudia[/name]! She really is a dark horse. I love how substantial and strong [name]Claudia[/name] is while still not being overtly tomboyish or feminine.

[name]Man[/name], it’s really disappointing that [name]Liv[/name] is basically going to be used for every [name]Olivia[/name]. I was totally living in denial. That’s enough for me to knock her out of the running.

I love [name]Matilda[/name] and [name]Agatha[/name]. I especially love them together should our girl ever welcome a sister. I’m not fond of [name]Mattie[/name], [name]Tilly[/name], or [name]Aggie[/name]. But I could totally see a little girl rocking just [name]Tilda[/name]. I’m still playing with [name]Agatha[/name] to find a less obvious nickname.

So, here are the names I pulled from everyone’s wonderful suggestions: [name]Dorothy[/name], [name]Hazel[/name], [name]Daphne[/name], [name]Pearl[/name], and [name]Vera[/name]. I’m having a lot of fun rolling [name]Vera[/name]'s different pronunciations around on my tongue to find which one I like best. [name]Dorothy[/name] is absolutely lovely – unexpected, slightly quirky, familiar, and versatile. I also adore [name]Dorothy[/name] [name]Parker[/name]. [name]Hazel[/name] is loads of fun and [name]Pearl[/name] has interesting literary connotations. [name]Daphne[/name] is wonderful, but I fear she won’t last long due to DH’s Scooby fixation. :roll:

I think that concludes my very long-winded reply. :wink:

[name]Blossom[/name]

8

Sooo excited for you!! Your name list might change, but [name]Clara[/name] would be first pick and [name]Hattie[/name] would be right up there at the top as well.

9

Congrats! It must be a wonderful feeling after trying for so long.
My thoughts:
[name]Clara[/name] - [name]LOVE[/name] IT!
[name]Ivy[/name] - Not fond of it
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name] - [name]Love[/name] [name]Fran[/name], not sold on [name]Frances[/name]
[name]Matilda[/name] - So-so
[name]Beatrice[/name] - Hm, difficult, don’t really know whether I like it or not.
[name]Penelope[/name] - Never liked it, but matter of taste
[name]Winona[/name] nn [name]Winnie[/name] - See [name]Penelope[/name]
[name]Harriet[/name] nn [name]Hattie[/name] - See [name]Penelope[/name]
[name]Daisy[/name] - Like it a lot
[name]Tess[/name] - Like it as well
[name]Claudia[/name] - Not fond of it
[name]Rowena[/name] - See [name]Claudia[/name]
[name]Felicity[/name] - Hate it, sorry!
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name] - See [name]Felicity[/name]
[name]Liv[/name] - I just think this doesn’t sound girly enough…
[name]Agatha[/name] - [name]Don[/name]'t like it, don’t hate it…

10

I may be the only one but I really like both [name]Ivy[/name] and [name]Frances[/name]. They fit your naming style perfectly. But I posted mainly to support [name]Agatha[/name]! It’s one of my all-time favorites, but I struggle with [name]Aggie[/name] as a nickname too. [name]Agate[/name] is a great suggestion!

Also love [name]Claudia[/name] with [name]Clio[/name] as a nickname, and [name]Daphne[/name] and [name]Vera[/name] are amazing! That would probably be my dream sibset.

Suggestions:
[name]Margot[/name]
[name]Zelda[/name]
[name]Thora[/name]
[name]Amoret[/name]
[name]Bronte[/name]
[name]India[/name]
[name]Alice[/name]
[name]Tamsin[/name]

11

I’m from [name]London[/name], so totally out of the loop regarding what’s hot and what’s not elsewhere in the world, but here are some names I adore, some of them are fairly British I think, some are just random!

[name]Mabel[/name]
[name]Martha[/name]
[name]Hermione[/name]
[name]Meredith[/name]
[name]Anastacia[/name]
[name]Evangeline[/name]
[name]Juno[/name] (my new favourite and totally unheard of here)
[name]Anemone[/name]
[name]Persephone[/name]
[name]Sadie[/name]
[name]Clementine[/name]
[name]Marigold[/name]
[name]Violet[/name]
[name]Constance[/name]
[name]Tabitha[/name]
[name]Jemima[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name] (pronounced like Cloudier)
[name]Cordelia[/name]
[name]Camilla[/name]
[name]Willow[/name]
[name]Helena[/name]

12

[name]How[/name] about

[name]Ansley[/name], [name]Aislin[/name], [name]Ashby[/name]
[name]Bianca[/name], [name]Bettina[/name] (nn [name]Betty[/name]), [name]Belinda[/name]
[name]Coraline[/name] or [name]Coralie[/name]
[name]Elodie[/name] or [name]Eloise[/name]
[name]Felicity[/name] is great, or [name]Felicia[/name], or [name]Fifer[/name]
[name]Ivy[/name] is great as well
Jaycelyn
[name]Lizette[/name]
[name]Minka[/name] or [name]Mila[/name]
[name]Nora[/name]
[name]Ophelia[/name], [name]Odelle[/name], [name]Ondine[/name]
[name]Paulina[/name], [name]Paulette[/name], [name]Pauletta[/name]
[name]Rowen[/name], [name]Rowena[/name], [name]Rory[/name], [name]Remi[/name], Romilley
[name]Sela[/name], [name]Sariah[/name] (rhymes with [name]Mariah[/name]), Samaire, [name]Salome[/name]
[name]Teagan[/name], [name]Tessa[/name], [name]Talia[/name], [name]Thalia[/name]
[name]Uma[/name]
[name]Viveca[/name], [name]Vianna[/name], Viance, [name]Vanna[/name]
[name]Wynn[/name], [name]Wren[/name], [name]Waverly[/name]
[name]Yasmin[/name]
[name]Zaira[/name], [name]Zara[/name], [name]Zadie[/name], [name]Zelda[/name]

13

just my sytle! i like

[name]Georgia[/name] (fav!)
[name]Daphne[/name]
[name]Stella[/name]
[name]Audrey[/name]
Masie
[name]Willa[/name]
[name]Caprice[/name]

hth!

14

We’re in almost the same boat! Tried for over two years, no luck, suddenly we find out (THE [name]DAY[/name] AFTER WE VISIT THE FERTILITY CLINIC FOR AN INITIAL INTERVIEW, mind you) I’m pregnant! We’re also expecting a girl! So much fun. Congrats to you and your hubby!

Please please please name her [name]Matilda[/name]. I adore this name, and my husband has vetoed it thrice. But I think it fits all your criteria perfectly: spunk, class, not too frilly.

So yes. My money is on [name]Matilda[/name]. :smiley:

15

[name]Ah[/name]! Thanks so much, guys! You’re all great.

I [name]LOVE[/name] [name]Georgia[/name]. So so much. Crazy in love. Seriously, crazy. But my husband would die before he named his child [name]Georgia[/name] because of he doesn’t dig place names. Double whammy [name]Georgia[/name] is too much for him, sadly.

Other suggestions I’m feelin’: [name]Hermione[/name], [name]Thora[/name], [name]Belinda[/name]. It goes against my style, but I have a thing for fairy godmother names, if you know what I mean. I actually really like [name]Lucinda[/name] nn [name]Lucy[/name], though [name]Lucy[/name]'s popularity is a big turn-off. My pickyness knows no bounds. :?

Refurbished list:
[name]Matilda[/name]
[name]Agatha[/name]
[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name]
[name]Hazel[/name]
[name]Philippa[/name] nn [name]Pippa[/name]
[name]Dorothy[/name]
[name]Vera[/name]
[name]Thora[/name]
[name]Daphne[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name] nn [name]Clio[/name]
[name]Ivy[/name]
[name]Hermione[/name]

Today’s favorites are bolded. I ran them by DH and he’s not opposed to any though he spent about 10 minutes telling me how “freakin’ cool” our kid would be if she were named [name]Hermione[/name]. :lol: I do think for her generation it will be less “you’re named after [name]Hermione[/name] [name]Granger[/name]!?!?” and more reading a book with a heroine who happens to share her name. Hopefully that makes sense.

Lanada, CONGRATULATIONS! Yay for having girls. I hope your husband caves on [name]Matilda[/name] – it really is a beautiful name!

16

love ur new list! Out of those names, [name]Daphne[/name] is my fav :slight_smile: Another name that is catching my attention lately is [name]Tabitha[/name]. I think that fits your style. Also, annabel, [name]Alice[/name], [name]Tessa[/name], or [name]Claudia[/name] are a few new ones for you. Sorry if I repeated any! :slight_smile:

17

[name]Blossom[/name], Somebody on here asked about [name]Hermione[/name] and got some good responses (including one from me!) Was that you? It was recently so look it up.

Anyhow, what I said was that [name]Hermione[/name] is distinctly [name]Harry[/name] [name]Potter[/name] to me, but I don’t really think it’s a bad thing. First of all, I don’t think that HP is going anywhere but the mania has died down. Also, it’s a good strong character to be associated. most importantly, I think [name]Hermione[/name] would be just weird and obscure if not for HP. You’d constantly be correcting pronounciation and simply sounding out the name for the people, had it not been for HP. So I think HP brought it mainstream, but it is such a strong and brave name that it’s not and it never will super trendy.

Finally, I don’t think it will be her peers as much as saying, “like [name]Harry[/name] [name]Potter[/name]?” as much as your peers. So i would suspect when you announce the name at work, etc., people in their teens, twenties will be the ones making the immediate HP connection. Sure, your daughter’s friends may eventually read HP, but by that time, she will have started school and since most kids don’t read HP until well after kindergarten, they will know her as [name]Hermione[/name] before they meet [name]Hermione[/name] [name]Granger[/name].

18

I like [name]Hermione[/name] fine, but I do associate it solely with [name]Harry[/name] [name]Potter[/name] (and I haven’t read the books) and I do think of it more as a pop culture name than a literary one. Similar to names like [name]Jasper[/name], [name]Bella[/name], and [name]Cullen[/name]…heavily associated with a currently popular book. I am still pulling for [name]Dorothy[/name]!! :slight_smile:

19

Thanks! :smiley:

I agree with the above comments about [name]Hermione[/name]. Great name, but too closely associated with the HP character. Assuming, of course, that you are American. If you’re British, you could probably pull it off much easier.

I second the vote for [name]Daphne[/name]…another a great one my hubby vetoed. And I [name]LOVE[/name] [name]Clio[/name] as a nn for [name]Claudia[/name]! Great call!

20

Here are my favorites from your list:

[name]Frances[/name] nn [name]Fran[/name]
[name]Dorothy[/name] nn [name]Dot[/name] or [name]Dottie[/name]
[name]Vera[/name]
[name]Claudia[/name] nn [name]Clio[/name]
[name]Ivy[/name]

I am also a big fan of [name]Tess[/name]. [name]Frances[/name] is one of my favorites. [name]Ivy[/name] I like but I think may be slightly pretentious due to the “[name]Ivy[/name] League” factor.